DOPO‐Based Phosphorus‐Containing Methacrylic (Co)Polymers: Glass Transition Temperature Investigation

A two‐step synthetic procedure is designed for preparing new flame‐retardant methacrylic monomers containing 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) as a substituent side group. DOPO and methacrylate moieties are linked by linear aliphatic hydrocarbon spacers (3 to 11 carbon atoms). Copolymerization with methyl methacrylate is carried out leading to copolymers containing between 2 and 10 wt% phosphorus. All homo‐ and copolymers exhibit a unique glass transition temperature (T_g ). A new group contribution for DOPO‐based substituent is extracted that leads to reasonable estimations of T_g s of other published polymers. The Fox equation provides a good estimation of T_g s for most copolymers and for physical blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and DOPO. When using monomers having three and four carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon spacer, the T_g of copolymers remains close to that of PMMA over a wide range of composition.     

Frequency dependence of plasma characteristics at different pressures in cylindrical inductively coupled plasma source

The effects of driving frequency on plasma parameters and electron heating efficiency are studied in cylindrical inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source. Measurements are made in an Ar discharge for driving frequency at 13.56/2 MHz, and pressures of 0.4–1.2 Pa. In 13.56 MHz discharge, higher electron density (n_e) and higher electron temperature (T_e) are observed in comparison with 2 MHz discharge at 0.6–1.2 Pa. However, slightly highern_e andT_e are observed in 2 MHz discharge at 0.4 Pa. This observation is explained by enhanced electron heating efficiency due to the resonance between the oscillation of 2 MHz electromagnetic field and electron-neutral collision process at 0.4 Pa. It is also found that the variation ofT_e distribution is different in 13.56 and 2 MHz discharge. For ICP at 13.56 MHz, T_e shows an edge-high profile at 0.4–1.2 Pa. For 2 MHz discharge,T_e remains an edge-high distribution at 0.4–0.8 Pa. However, the distribution pattern involves into a center-high profile at 0.9–1.2 Pa. The spatial profiles ofn_e remain a center-high shape in both 13.56 and 2 MHz discharges, which indicates the nonlocal kinetics at low pressures. Better uniformity could be achieved by using 2 MHz discharge. The effects of gas pressure on plasma parameters are also examined. An increase in gas pressure necessitates the rise ofn_e in both 13.56 and 2 MHz discharges. Meanwhile, T_e drops when gas pressure increases and shows a flatter distribution at higher pressure.     

Stabilizing temperature-capacitance dependence of (Sr,Pb, Bi)TiO3-Bi4Ti3O12 solutions for energy storage

(1-x)Sr_0.7Pb_0.15Bi_0.1TiO₃-xBi₄Ti₃O₁₂ ((1-x)SPBT-xBIT, x = 0-0.125) bulk ceramics were developed and calcined via the solid-state method, aimed at the application of pulsed power capacitors. The phase structures, temperature stability, hysteresis loop, and discharge properties were systematically investigated. Considering both the temperature stability and dielectric properties, 0.925SPBT-0.075BIT bulk ceramics with a capacitance variation satisfying the X7R specification were developed for pulsed power capacitors. The energy storage density was 0.252 J/cm³, and the ceramics showed high temperature stability at 80 kV/cm. The discharge current waveforms of the 0.925SPBT-0.075BIT ceramics were recorded. A high discharge power density of approximately 1.01 × 10⁸ W/kg with an 8 Ω load resistor and short discharge period of 84 ns were achieved at 50 kV/cm. The good temperature stability properties and high power density show that the 0.925SPBT-0.075BIT ceramics are well suited for pulsed power capacitors with a wide temperature range.     

Y4.67Si3O13-based phosphors: Structure,morphology and upconversion luminescence for optical thermometry

How to improve the sensitivity of the temperature-sensing luminescent materials is one of the most important objects currently. In this work, to obtain high sensitivity and learn the corresponding mechanism, the rare earth (RE) ions doped Y_4.67Si₃O₁₃ (YS) phosphors were developed by solid-state reaction. The phase purity, structure, morphology and luminescence characteristics were evaluated by XRD, TEM, emission spectra, etc. The change of the optical bandgaps between the host and RE-doped phosphors was found, agreeing with the calculation results based on density-functional theory. The temperature-dependence of the upconversion (UC) luminescence revealed that a linear relationship exists between the fluorescence intensity ratio of Ho³⁺ and temperature. The theoretical resolution was evaluated. High absolute (0.083 K⁻¹) and relative (3.53% K⁻¹ at 293 K) sensitivities have been gained in the YS:1%Ho³⁺, 10%Yb³⁺. The effect of the Yb³⁺ doping concentration and pump power on the sensitivities was discussed. The pump-power–dependence of the UC luminescence indicated the main mechanism for high sensitivities in the YS:1%Ho³⁺, 10%Yb³⁺. Moreover, the decay-lifetime based temperature sensing was also evaluated. The above results imply that the present phosphors could be promising candidates for temperature sensors, and the proposed strategies are instructive in exploring other new temperature sensing luminescent materials.     

A Temperature‐Responsive Boronate Core Cross‐Linked Star (CCS) Polymer for Fast and Highly Efficient Enrichment of Glycoproteins

Fast and highly efficient enrichment and separation of glycoproteins is essential in many biological applications, but the lack of materials with high capture capacity, fast, and efficient enrichment/separation makes it a challenge. Here, a temperature‐responsive core cross‐linked star (CCS) polymer with boronate affinity is reported for fast and efficient enriching and separating of glycoproteins from biological samples. The temperature‐responsive CCS polymers containing boronic acid in its polymeric arms and poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) in its cross‐linked core are prepared using reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization via an “arm‐first” methodology. The soluble boronate polymeric arms of the CCS polymers provide a homogeneous reaction system and facilitate interactions between boronic acid and glycoproteins, which leads to a fast binding/desorption speed and high capture capacity. Maximum binding capacity of the prepared CCS polymer for horseradish peroxidase is determined to be 210 mg g^?1, which can be achieved within 20 min. More interestingly, the temperature‐responsive CCS polymers exhibit rapid reversible thermal‐induced volume phase transition by increasing the temperature from 15 to 30 °C, resulting in a facile and convenient sample collection and recovery for the target glycoproteins. Finally, the temperature‐responsive CCS polymer is successfully applied to enrichment of low abundant glycoproteins.     

Effects of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics in oil-impregnated pressboard insulation under combined AC–DC voltage

Due to the complexity of the valve side winding voltage of the converter transformer, the insulation characteristics of the oil-impregnated pressboard (OIP) of the converter transformer are different from those of the traditional AC transformer. The study on effect of temperature on the creeping discharge characteristics of OIP under combined AC–DC voltage is seriously inadequate. Therefore, this paper investigates the characteristics of OIP creepage discharge under combined AC–DC voltage and discusses the influence of temperature on creepage discharge characteristics under different temperatures from 70°C to 110 °C. The experimental results show that the partial discharge inception voltage and flashover voltage decrease with increasing temperature. The times of low amplitude discharge (LAD) decrease and amplitude of LAD increases. Simultaneously, the times of high amplitude discharge (HAD) gradually increase at each stage of creepage discharge with higher temperature. The analysis indicates that the charge carriers easily accumulate and quickly migrate directional movement along the electric field ahead of discharging. The residual charge carriers are more easily dissipated after discharging. The ‘hump’ region of LAD moves to the direction of higher discharge magnitude. The interval time between two continuous discharges is shortened obviously. The concentration of HAD accelerates the development of OIP insulation creepage discharge. The temperature had an accelerating effect on the development of discharge in the OIP under applying voltage.     

Ta含量对NiCoCrAlY涂层性能的影响

采用真空雾化的方法制备了Ta含量为0、2%及5%的NiCoCrAlYTa合金粉末,利用超音速火焰喷涂制备了三种涂层,研究了Ta对合金粉末微观组织及物相的影响,绘制了1050℃条件下涂层的高温氧化动力学曲线,研究了500h氧化试验后涂层组织和β相的分布,初步探讨了Ta元素对改善涂层抗氧化性能的作用机理。研究结果表明:Ta通过提高MCrAlY体系抗氧化元素的溶质浓度,促进了氧化膜的形成,随着Ta含量的增加,涂层的内氧化程度降低,涂层抗氧化性能提高。但含Ta涂层在长时间氧化条件下会生成CrTaO_4、AlTaO_4等尖晶石类氧化物,且Ta的氧化物PBR值较大,对涂层的抗热震性能不利。     

补偿强反光体表面红外测温误差的算法研究

针对运动强反光体表面温度实时测量困难、精度低这一难点,本文从红外测温原理入手,分析并揭示了红外测温精度易受到被测物体反射率、测量距离、测量环境、红外入射角等因素的影响。根据铝板材加工设备轧辊表面测温实际需要设计了一种利用红外传感器实现对强反光体表面温度点对点测量的方案。通过对测量数据的研究分析建立了一种基于斯忒藩定律的红外入射角度补偿算法,以此减小因红外入射角度变化产生的测温误差。实验结果证明本方法能较好地弥补红外入射角度变化产生的测温误差,提高测温精度。该补偿算法运算简单,适应性强,为改善入射角度变化对测温精度影响提供了新的方法。     

Numerical investigation on the electronic components' cooling for different coolants by finite element method

In this study, we conducted a numerical simulation to examine the cooling performance of an aluminum finned heat sink attached to a silicon chip, placed in a chamber of a rectangular cross-section. The heat sink is cooled by convective heat transfer utilizing nine commercially available gaseous coolants, namely air, hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, freon12 vapor, propane, and ammonia. To select an appropriate coolant for electronic devices in terms of thermal–hydraulic performance, the maximum temperature on the chip domain and the associated pressure drop in the cooling channel as a function of coolant velocity are analyzed for the aforementioned fluids. It has been found that the minimum temperature is recorded for propane and freon12 vapor, which is approximately 31.1°C, for a coolant velocity of 0.5 m/s, but freon12 vapor shows the highest pressure drop, approximately 900 mPa, among all coolants. In the overall velocity regime, hydrogen shows the best cooling performance in terms of both cooling capacity and hydrodynamic characteristics. But considering safety issues, helium can be a better alternative. This comprehensive study provides a better understanding of different coolant performances, which will aid engineers to develop an effective cooling technique to accommodate the inexorably rising power demand.